Providing environmental enrichment should improve their welfare, and a consequence of this might be a reduction in the animal's motivation to leave an enriched cage. I examined this possibility by ...

1. Orientation -- Causation and the Search for Determinants -- Views Concerning the Nature of Motivation -- Points of View and Psychological Relativity -- 2. Forms and Determinants of Activity -- ...

I've been studying various aspects of animal behavior, especially in mammals, for many decades and have always felt uneasy about how cultural values have limited our true understanding of the dynamics ...