THE experimental study of atomic spectra has a long and distinguished history. Even the descriptive analysis of spectra in terms of series and term values the systematic botany of spectra has a ...

Ultrashort intense laser pulses cut into a fundamental quantum phenomenon For the first time, physicists managed to observe in real time how an atomic spectral line emerges within the incredibly short ...

Transitions between different electronic energy levels in elements occur at unique energies and intensities, giving each element a distinctive emission spectrum. When the energy of an incident photon ...