The Nature Index 2025 Research Leaders — previously known as Annual Tables — reveal the leading institutions and countries/territories in the natural and health sciences, according to their output in ...

If you enjoyed this article, I’d like to ask for your support. Scientific American has served as an advocate for science and industry for 180 years, and right now may be the most critical moment in ...

Utilizing Index of Refraction Monitors in Biopharmaceutical Downstream Processing and Purification When the FDA published the 2003 document, “Pharmaceutical Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMPs ...

Refractometers are versatile in their design and use, and are able to provide results as refractive indices, or in other cases, as direct measurements of parameters such as soluble solids, sugar ...

The Refractive Index Matching (RIM) test rig at the University of Bristol is a specialised closed-circuit flow facility designed for high-resolution measurements within and around complex geometries.

Pigments and paints play a key role as industrial materials. The properties of a given pigment/paint system are determined largely by the particle size distribution. Particle size determines the ...

Recent experiments that demonstrate the negative refraction of light could bring a heated scientific debate to a close, and give negative-index materials a positive future Figure 1: Negative-index ...

Physicists at Harvard University in the US have built a silicon waveguide that exhibits a refractive index of, or close to, zero when operating at near-infrared telecom wavelengths. The waveguide can ...

We can also use wavelengths to calculate refractive index. By substituting \(v_{1}=f\lambda _{1}\) and \(v_{2}=f\lambda _{2}\) into \(n=\frac{v_{1}}{v_{2}}\) then ...