Why should the immune system not be “boosted,” but instead supported through consistent, healthy habits? Learn how the immune ...

Innate immunity, orchestrated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including TLRs, NLRs, and the cGAS–STING pathway, forms the foundation of host ...

Scientists generally agree that eukaryotes, the domain of life whose cells contain nuclei and that includes almost all multicellular organisms, originated from a process involving the symbiotic union ...

Secondary infections caused by bacteria or viruses during hospital care remain a long-standing global challenge, despite advances in modern medicine. In particular, mixed bacterial–viral infections in ...

The immune system can work in two ways: the innate immune system reacts to any foreign invaders that are identified by immune cells that look for such pathogens; but the acquired or adaptive immune ...

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of death worldwide and are now increasingly recognized as conditions with a strong ...

Research reveals that T cells from the adaptive immune system can manipulate the memory of innate immune cells. Previously, it was believed that the memory of innate immune cells operated ...

Researchers have shown that innate immune training, also known as trained immunity (TRIM), leads to aggravated bone loss in experimental models of periodontitis and inflammatory arthritis. Clinical ...