Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

Current optical fibre transmission systems rely on modulation, coding and multiplexing techniques that were originally developed for linear communication channels. However, linear transmission ...

Lock-in amplifiers were invented in the 1930s [1, 2, 3] and commercialized [4] in the mid 20 th century as electrical instruments that are capable of extracting signal amplitudes and phases in ...

Diverse well describes the myriad digital modulation schemes used in modern voice and data communications. The alphabet soup of terminology extends well beyond the familiar QAM and GMSK fundamentals ...

Fig 1. This shows the spectra of both waveforms when the Class D output is issuing silence (no audio, duty cycle = 50%) with a switching frequency of 333 kHz. Fig 2. The blue line shows the energy ...

Torben Larsen received his M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Aalborg University, Denmark, in 1988. In 1995 he founded the RF Integrated Systems and Circuits group, which today counts more ...