Principal stresses are defined as the maximum and minimum normal stresses in a plane. Principal stresses are perpendicular to each other and oriented such that shear stresses are zero. For 3D stress ...

SOME years ago you published some interesting communications in regard to the graphical solution of cubic and quartic equations (vol. lxi. p. 55, vol. lxiii. pp. 515 and 609, vol. lxiv. p. 5). The ...

§CQ.1 THE FIRST GREAT ADVANCE in algebra after the Middle Ages was the general solution of the cubic equation, immediately followed by a solution for the quartic. I tell the full story in the next ...

A cubic graph is produced when you have an equation of the form \(y = ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d\), where \(b\), \(c\) and \(d\) can be zero but \(a\) cannot be zero. Cubic graphs are curved but can have ...

Given any cubic or quartic equation with real coefficients, it can be transformed by a change of variable into a standard form, and thus solved by means of a double-sided scale (Fig. 1) in the case of ...