Oscillators, also called astable multivibrators, are electronic devices that generate a periodic signal. They are employed in a large number of applications such as clocks, oscillophones, musical ...

When analog circuits mix with digital, the former are sometimes dissatisfied with the latter’s usual single supply rail. This creates a need for additional, often negative polarity, voltage sources ...

Before we plunge headfirst into the fray with gusto and abandon (and aplomb, of course), let’s remind and reassure ourselves that—although the following discussions focus on the devices and ...