The common parenteral routes are intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV). Box 1 outlines the advantages and disadvantages of parenteral routes. Box 1. Parenteral administration.

The choice between oral and parenteral administration of drugs that are effective by either route is usually made on the basis of expediency. In general, oral therapy is used when it is well tolera ...

Of the 4,640 participants, 2,312 were randomly assigned to parenteral nutrition within 48 hours of admission and 2,328 to parenteral nutrition no earlier than day 8 in the ICU.

Further comparative studies using different corticosteroids, doses and administration routes are needed to establish the most effective regime for reducing pain, trismus and inflammation after ...